{"id":2451,"date":"2025-07-17T11:20:29","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T11:20:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsfeed99.com\/?p=2451"},"modified":"2025-07-17T11:20:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T11:20:29","slug":"the-tragic-history-of-the-brown-paper-bag-test-the-discriminatory-practice-used-to-exclude-dark-skinned-black-people","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newsfeed99.com\/?p=2451","title":{"rendered":"The Tragic History Of The Brown Paper Bag Test, The Discriminatory Practice Used To Exclude Dark-Skinned Black People"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 20th-century America, the brown paper bag test was used to deny some Black people access to positions of privilege if their skin tone was darker than a paper bag.<\/h2>\n
\"Brown<\/p>\n

Afro American Newspapers\/Gado\/Getty Images<\/span>Members of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority meet with singer Marian Anderson in 1953. The sorority reportedly used the brown paper bag test to admit members.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The brown paper bag test was a form of discrimination used to exclude dark-skinned Black people by comparing their skin tone to the color of a brown paper bag. Those who were lighter than the bag were allowed into the club. Those whose skin failed the test were rejected.<\/p>\n

There are stories of Black fraternities and sororities, professional organizations, and even churches using the test to determine membership. The gangster owner of Harlem\u2019s Cotton Club, which catered to white audiences, was said to use the test to restrict who could join his dance troupe, sometimes known as the Copper Colored Gals.<\/p>\n

In New Orleans, where generations of racial mixing between white Europeans, enslaved Black people, and Indigenous Americans had created a unique caste structure based on skin tone, there is still reputable lore surrounding \u201cbag parties.\u201d<\/p>\n

And while the ideas behind the brown paper bag test originated in the earliest days of slavery, it led to a long discriminatory tradition of colorism that explicitly privileged light skin over dark well into the 20th century.<\/p>\n

What Is The Brown Paper Bag Test?<\/h2>\n

In 1996, the Harvard historian Henry Louis Gates Jr.\u00a0wrote<\/a>\u00a0that, not long after he arrived at Yale as an undergraduate, \u201csome of the brothers who came from private schools in New Orleans held a \u2018bag party.’\u201d<\/p>\n

It was 1969, the year of Martin Luther King\u2019s assassination. Gates, born in 1950 in West Virginia, had never heard of a bag party.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs a classmate explained it to me, a bag party was a New Orleans custom wherein a brown paper bag was stuck on the door and anyone darker than it was denied entrance. That was one cultural legacy that would be put to rest in a hurry.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"George<\/p>\n

Wikimedia Commons<\/span>A 1902 photograph of George Herriman, the cartoonist behind Krazy Kat. Herriman, born to mixed-race Creole parents in New Orleans, passed as white.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gates\u2019s experience of learning about the brown paper bag test was not uncommon. Knowledge spread by word of mouth. It became almost folkloric in its existence as a way to reinforce colorism.<\/p>\n

When scholar Audrey Elisa Kerr investigated the tradition in the early 2000s, she\u00a0uncovered<\/a>\u00a0dozens of tales of Louisiana paper bag tests.<\/p>\n

A Creole barbershop owner told Kerr that paper bag parties were common in the past. The parties might take several forms. In the most explicit, the hosts would nail a brown paper bag at the door. Anyone darker than the bag could not enter.<\/p>\n

The test traces its roots back to the days of slavery. Under the \u201cone drop\u201d rule, anyone with a single drop of African blood was considered Black. In practice, Louisiana\u2019s Black population came in all shades \u2014 and skin color often determined social status.<\/p>\n

Louisiana divided society into three castes in the antebellum period. The free, white population held nearly all the power. The enslaved Black population was shut out from power. But a third group existed between the two: free biracial people.<\/p>\n

Social elites never considered mixed-race Americans their equals. Yet this third group held much greater social status than enslaved Black people. In fact, 80 percent of Louisiana\u2019s free Black population fell into this category.<\/p>\n

The division drove a wedge between mixed, lighter-skinned free Black people and darker-skinned, enslaved Black people, according to Kerr.<\/p>\n

Light-skinned Black women became the mistresses of wealthy white New Orleanians. While laws still banned marriage across racial lines, society treated light-skinned Black people better than those with dark skin.<\/p>\n

The brown paper bag test became a legacy of that color division.<\/p>\n

The Brown Paper Bag Test During Jim Crow<\/h2>\n

The brown paper bag test stands out as an example of discrimination within a racial group. However, the history of the paper bag test traces back to white supremacy and slavery.<\/p>\n

\"Jim<\/p>\n

Tullio Saba\/Wikimedia Commons<\/span>A segregated drinking fountain in the Jim Crow south.<\/span><\/p>\n

Of course, the end of slavery did not end race-based divisions. During the Jim Crow era, white supremacist ideologies continued to push the notion that lighter skin was better. And some Black Americans absorbed and internalized that idea.<\/p>\n

In the 1920s, the Black blues singer Big Bill Broonzy explained the Jim Crow system in verse:<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re white, you\u2019re alright
\nIf you\u2019re brown, you can stick around
\nIf you\u2019re black, get back<\/em><\/p>\n

In a society governed by skin color, dark skin was demonized \u2014 even by Black Americans.<\/p>\n

By the middle of the 20th century, stories about the brown paper bag test popped up at Black sororities, Black universities, and Black social clubs. Some establishments reportedly refused entry to dark-skinned people.<\/p>\n

One of the most notable cases was in the Howard University sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha and the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha, which were\u00a0said to deny acceptance<\/a>\u00a0to students who didn\u2019t pass the test. In response, dark-skinned students were said to have founded their own Greek organizations like the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity and the Delta Sigma Theta sorority.<\/p>\n

\u201cThink about it. You have probably come across a situation in which someone tells a light-skinned Delta that she looks like she could be an AKA and vice versa,\u201d wrote the Black Greek life site\u00a0Watch The Yard<\/a>. \u201cWhile they may not have explicitly stated that this is because she has light-skin, you know exactly what they mean.\u201d<\/p>\n

When Audrey Elisa Kerr investigated the brown paper bag test, she discovered many stories claiming the tradition was a thing of the past. But others remember the test in more recent decades.<\/p>\n

In the 1980s, lawyer Lawrence Otis Graham attended a party hosted by a Black women\u2019s group at Wellesley College. The party brought together Black college students from Boston\u2019s most elite colleges. Graham\u00a0remembers<\/a>\u00a0women with \u201cstraight \u2014 or straightened \u2014 hair\u201d checking guests at the door to turn away any who \u201cfailed the ubiquitous \u2018brown paper bag and ruler test.’\u201d<\/p>\n

The ruler test, too, was a form of discrimination, but it was explicitly based on gender and judged whether a woman\u2019s hair was as straight as a ruler. According to Graham, when not enough men passed the brown paper bag test, the hosts eventually allowed some \u201cdarker skinned guys\u201d inside.<\/p>\n

The Continued Reinforcement Of Colorism<\/h2>\n

The brown paper bag test wasn\u2019t the only race-based test that fractured Black America. A retired Philadelphian recalled a test at the local Episcopal church.<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cWe used to have this joke on the street corner that when you went through the door in the Episcopal church they had a comb hanging in the doorway, and if the comb didn\u2019t go through your hair you weren\u2019t welcomed,\u201d he told Audrey Elisa Kerr in her 2006 book,\u00a0The Paper Bag Principle<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Like the brown paper bag test, the comb separated those with \u201cdesirable\u201d features \u2014 \u201cgood hair\u201d \u2014 from those without.<\/p>\n

In both the brown paper bag test and the comb test, Black Americans privileged people with European features.<\/p>\n

\"Sweet<\/p>\n

Smithsonian Institute<\/span>A 1930 advertisement for a skin-lightening cream that promised to make women more attractive.<\/span><\/p>\n

The irony of the brown paper bag test was that it upheld white supremacy. As David Pilgrim, curator at the Jim Crow Museum,\u00a0explains<\/a>, \u201cA fraction of the group decided to practice their own brand of bigotry \u2014 deny entry (friendship) to any Black person darker than a standard brown paper bag.\u201d<\/p>\n

The brown paper bag was chosen because it was considered the midway point between Black and white.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy exclude their darker brothers?\u201d Pilgrim asks. \u201cBecause they, meaning those with lighter skin, not only had a fetish for white skin and Eurocentric features, but they had internalized the racist notion that light skin is a marker of intellectual, cultural, social, and personal superiority over and above darker people.\u201d<\/p>\n

While Black Americans faced terrible treatment from white people, color also created hierarchies within the Black community.<\/p>\n

In the infamous\u00a0doll test<\/a>, researchers in the 1940s offered white and Black dolls to Black children between 3-7 years old. Most chose the white doll. Even at a young age, Black children had absorbed the message that light skin was better.<\/p>\n

That same generation of children, raised on the idea that lighter skin was superior, instituted brown paper bag tests at sororities, social gatherings, and other events. The proliferation of bag parties shows how deeply Black Americans internalized racist ideas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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